Beautiful Birds of Pakistan - 4

This is my fourth post on the beautiful birds of Pakistan which abound the wilderness, jungles, mountains, deserts, lakes and even cities of the country. Many of the birds I have so far shared are native to this part of the world or are migratory birds that come here in search of warm water lakes to spend their winters, breed their young and fly back when their native habitats become conducive for living after severe winters.

The most beautiful of the indigenous birds is the blue or Indian peafowl or the peacock , as pictured above, which is native to Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. This is no doubt a majestic bird with iridescent blue and green plumage, mostly metallic blue and green and his multicolored tail with a spectacular view, which it displays as part of a courtship ritual. Beside parts of Sind, specially Tharparkar, beautiful peafowls are found in abundance in Kallar Kahar in upper Punjab province. Besides the blue birds, one also comes across pure white leucistic Indian peacock which are a class of their own.

 Long legged Buzzard

 Intermediate (above) and Reef (below) Egrets

Egrets are herons which are pure white, buff or gray coloured found near water lakes and seashores. Egrets hunt and live in both saltwater and freshwater marshes.

Indian Pond Heron

The light brown coloured dove is found all over Pakistan. Doves and pigeons, which also abound in the country, are from the Columbine bird family. However, doves are smaller than pigeons but almost of same appearance.

The yellow footed green coloured pigeons are rather rare and are seldom spotted. Herein under is a beautiful shot of this unique bird.

White Throated Kingfisher - also called White Breasted Kingfisher. It is widely found right from Turkey east through the Indian subcontinent to the Philippines. 

The Grey francolin or Grey Partridge is found in the plains of South Asia. In Pakistan and India, these are also called Teetar - a name synonymous to their loud and repeated calls like Ka-tee-tar...tee-tar. These are normally found foraging on bare or low grass covered ground in scrubs and being weak fliers when hunters make them fly through noise and beating of the ground, they take a fast and vertical flight - often falling prey to the hunters.

The yellow-wattled lapwing is native to the Pakistan and India. It is generally found on the dry plains.

The Black Kite

The Black Kite is very common bird of prey in Pakistan and perhaps all over the world. It is known to be an opportunistic hunters and is more likely to scavenge.

About the Bird Watcher and Photographer

Mirza Naim Baig is a freelancer member WWF who takes part inn the preservation of wildlife, beside being a wildlife tour operator. He is from Karachi and studied Bachelor of Arts at Edwards College, Peshawar and lives in Karachi. He is the owner of Dream Merchants.

His birding experiences and photos can be seen on Facebook. All photos above are the property of Mirza Naim Baig and have been shared here with his exclusive permission. In time more of his birding photos will be posted to share his hard work and love for these little flying birds.

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Fascinating Pakistan: Islamabad - One of the most beautiful Capitals of the World

Islamabad - one of the most beautiful capital cities of the world. I first saw Islamabad when it had been recently inaugurated in 1966 my father shifted his Interpol office from Rawalpindi to Islamabad. Turning left traveling in the VW wagon of the then famous Waljis Travel Services, the Islamabad Highway was something I had never seen till that age of my life - the two lanes long highway with street lights in the green belt in between the two way traffic was an awesome scene for at that time no such road existed in Pakistan. That day, I entered the modern city of Islamabad overlooked by the lush green Margalla Hills.

Islamabad was still developing but roads were wider than any other city with clean environment. Opel Rekord taxis were the main pillar of transport beside buses and Ford wagons. We lived in F 6-4 and at the end of the main road next to our hose lived the architect of Islamabad and the President of Pakistan Muhammad Ayub Khan. In the evenings, he would be seen in his newly gifted Rolls Royce by the then UAE king and we would stand there to wave at him to be waved back by the smiling president.

On November 29, Pakistan Post issued a set of two stamps priced at 15 and 50 Paisa respectively on the formal inauguration of the new capital. The stamps displayed the Pakistani flag, the federal secretariat building and photos of president Ayub Khan both in uniform and in suit (stamps from my stamps album).

I still remember a visit to the Shakarparian Hills which provided an excellent bird's eye of the entire capital city stretched amid green trees. While Saidpur village has been turned into a must visit tourist landmark, it was then just an ordinary village. I along with my other brothers had bicycled to the village once. Visiting it recently was a site altogether different. 

 Renovated Saidpur Village

Melody was then the only cinema of the city near Aabpara market and Hotel Sherahzad the only five star hotel - later turned into the offices of Foreign Ministry. Siraj Covered market was a modern market of the city which provided under one roof shopping mostly to the foreigners of the diplomatic family. We would often visit the market - it is sad that the market is no more now, though many new markets and big shopping malls have since opened to cater for needs of its residents.

Ayub Khan being briefed about Islamabad Master Plan from a vantage point - File Photo

It was President Ayub Khan who decided to build a new capital for Pakistan away from the busy city of Karachi, which was kept as capital of newly born Pakistan in 1947. Soon after taking over as president of the country, Ayub Khan constituted a commission to select a suitable site which should be centrally located and amid a landscape that should add to its natural beauty as compared to hustle and bustle business like environment of port city of Karachi. Thus the present location on the Pothohar Plateau was slelected and a Greek firm of architects, Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills.

The city from then has developed into a most modern city mostly with government offices, the presidency, the prime minister's secretariat, the Supreme Court and an exclusive diplomatic enclave to house dozens of embassies and foreign missions. There are many landmarks of the city like the Faisal Mosque, Pakistan Monument and the Margalla Hills National Park and Shakarparian Park. The city is home to sixteen universities, and is close to the hill station of Murree and the famous archaeological site of Taxila.

Beautiful evening view of the Bara Darri at Fatima Jinnah Park which is also venue to many gatherings, events and a colourful annual flower show

While Shakarparian Hills still present an easy accessible view point of Islamabad, lately a road has been developed up to the village of Pir Sohawa on the Margalla Hills, from where one can view the breathtaking view of Islamabad. 

Road to Pir Sohawa almost camouflaged in the thick forest trees - Photo Northern areas of Pakistan

The road that commences from the Margazar at the foothills of the Margalla Hills moves up along the sharp turning of the hills till a mid point where a beautiful restaurent offers sizzling Pakistani delicacies. But from here on a rather sharp gradient road leads up to the top of the Margalla Hills to the village of Pir Sohawa. Short of the village there is yet another other eatery which offers not only one of the best cuisines in town, but also a spectacular view of Islamabad down below, specially at night.

View from Monal Restaurant near Pir Sohawa - Photo Courtesy Shehzad Mir

In many surveys recently, Islamabad ranks in the top 10 beautiful capitals of the world and has its place among the first three. 

• Matrix Guy ranks it as the first position in his post "Top ten best capital cities' and writes: It is an amazing;highly developed and absolutely safe capital city, but also regarded as one of the best capitals in Asia and can be competed with any glorious capital city in the world - even from a highly developed country. 
• Omer Eren places Islamabad at number two in his list of 25 Most Beautiful Capitals in the World at Today's Collective.
• The Mesh News also places Islamabad at the second slot in its list of Top 10 25 Most Beautiful Capitals in the World in 2017 and writes: Not so large but most beautiful city of Pakistan better known for its most eye-catching places as Pakistan monument, Rawal Lake, Lake View Park, Saidpur village, Faisal mosque and many other. Everyone love to visit this place from country as well as all around the world.

Islamabad: an amazing amalgamation of sky rising buildings and Nature: 

Photo Courtesy Shehzad Mir

Islamabad is so lovable because here springtime dances with multicolored flowers everywhere swaying with the still cool breeze of fading winters, the scent of which enchants and mesmerisms the passer byes. At night when the city lights are turned on, it looks as if thousands of fire flies have descended from nowhere to lighten up the city for its people. The narration of its beauty is fathomless - the more you live in it, the more of its beauty is discovered like a bud slowly opens up in springtime to a fully grown scented colourful flower.

Pakistan Monument on a hill overlooking Zero Point

Islamabad is darling of Pakistan cities and those who have seen it once, always long to see it once again. If you haven't visited Islamabad, do include it in your list of intended travel destinations and vising it and enjoying the serenity of its cool lush green environment with tall pine trees along the wide road sides and hospitality of its people - never to be forgotten and always to cherish lifetime memories.

Caption Photo Islamabad: Annaya Khan - all other photos are mine except otherwise mentioned

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You've got a friend - Have you?

When I was growing up and some 'friend' of mine visited my home, my father would invariably ask me who was by the door - and I would innocently tell him that a fried!! My father would just smile and always told me that he wasn't a friend but just an acquaintance or a mere class fellow. But I would shrug his advice for everyone in the class or a few whom I interacted frequently looked friends to me and I held them very dearly to me. 

But as I started to grow, the wisdom of my father's explanation of the term friend started to dawn on me. And I started to realize that friendship is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association, that cannot be established with everyone who comes across one's life.  And friends are the best people that hold on to our lives, specially our past together. They help us to understand where we have come across and what once mattered.


This I started to realize as most of my 'friends' faded away as we changed schools - never to come across again my life. And in the meanwhile a few more friends added - though this time more carefully and selectively. But with the passage of time, the number thinned and now at this juncture of my life, I should know say I have more than a couple whom I can call my friends as time teaches us how to be a friend and how to make one.

And talking of friends, in the early 70s, there appeared a voice, quite different from the rest, singing a song: You've got a friend - and in the song unfolded the reality of who could be a friend in very simple words by James Tyler. There are few singers who get famous on just one song and for the rest of their lives, that one song become synonymous to their names. James may have sang a thousand songs, but with his name, one song comes in one's memory and its nostalgia never dies. Each word of the song explains who a friend - a true friend could be.

While trying to select the video of the song, first I wanted to share the original song sung by James Tyler, but these were mostly audios or without audience. And luckily I found the video below which also had a live audience, although the song was sung decades later when James had grown old - but so had his audience.  I am sharing screen shots of some of the faces who were found listening to James so intently and perhaps recalling the days of their youth when they must have listened to James Tyler in their teens - and their facer expressions reveal the love of recalling the nostalgia of teenage.

Now listen to the beautiful song with captivating lyrics James Tyler sang for the audience who has since grown along with him who listened to the song when he sang it for the first time:

Songs are many - but only a few leave a lasting impression on us. You've got a friend has been such a song that reverberates in my memory lane even after I first heard it almost five decades now - and I listen to it with a nostalgia for I have lost a couple of very good friends of mine forever. 
Photo Friendship: Pixabay

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Fascinating Pakistan - The Karakoram Highway (KKH)

I started reading the famous Reader's Digest right from childhood as my father had subscribed it. In one of the issues, I read about Karakorum Highway, an ambitious venture undertaken by Pakistan and China to build a road on one of the treacherous mountains of the world and rising up to a height of 16,200 feet metres at Khunjrab, the Pakistan-China border. The article give out fascinating details of how the road venture started and how the heavy machines braved the slopes of the mountains along wild and roaring waters of River Indus hundreds of feet below. A large number of Pakistani and Chinese labourers perished in the river when a slope gave away or a machine faulted and fell down in the river.

Making of KKH - Vintage Photos of early 1960s when the project kicked off

I still remember an interesting anecdote mentioned in the article. Since it was the first time that vehicles were ever entering the area and people had never seen any mode of transportation other than mules and donkeys. So when a leading vehicle finally entered a settlement and a small village, one of the villager brought a big pan full of water and placed it under the front of the vehicle. When the driver asked as to why he had placed the water pan under the vehicle, the innocent villager replied, "Your animal must be thirsty so I placed water for it to drink."

Although now for parts it has clear roads, but there are place where one can feel the hard work of those remarkable engineers and labourers who blasted away hard rocky mountains but still could not clear the overhanging as these were too solid to remove or would have had the mountain falling down. This tunnel like clearings had to be made to allow high roofed heavy trucks to pass through. See one of such clearances near village Dassu in the Kohistan region:

The Pakistan-China border at KKH - Photo: Pamir Times

Today from that stage of innocence, the Karakoram Highway, commonly known as the KKH, has transformed the life of millions living astride the KKH and their lifestyle and even lives have changed and linked to the outside world of their once tightly closed lives. No doubt the road is often referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World as the road was carved out of granite and solid rocky mountains that took over two decades to complete. It is one of the most impressive engineering feats of human history, for it is the highest paved international road in the world.

Map KKH (Courtesy John the Map)

Aligned to the parts of once famous Silk Route - a fairy tale like travelers' dream route from Central Asia to the rest of the world, the KKH project started off in 1959 and every inch forward was written with the sweat and blood of its makers, both Pakistanis and Chinese. Known as the N-35, the 887 kilometers long KKH was completed in 1979 but was open to public in 1985. Khunjrab Pass is located in the Karakoram Mountains in a strategic position on the northern border of Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan Hunza-Nagar District on the southwest border of the Xinjiang region of China.

I had the pleasure to drive on KKH when I visited Gilgit many years ago with the aim of visiting Khunjrab zero point. Unfortunately due to closure of the road near Sust, we had to return from Passu. But the pleasure of driving on the KKH was a lifetime experience. It was here that while driving ahead of Hunza, that we came across the Rakaposhi Point -  a place on KKH from where you can see the Rakaposhi Mountain rising right from the ground level in front of you.

I do not know for now, but while coming back, we encountered a major road block and there was a long queue of vehicles. I had ask my family to dismount and with the help of tractor trolley,  I sent them across the road blocked by large stones. And for myself, I slowly steered my car from bigger stones and inched forward till the clearance. However, my car's undercarriage had a good feel of smaller stones which brushed well and 'polished' my car from  below. It is due to the efficient services by a special Road Maintenance Battalion of the Frontier Works Organization of Pakistan Army that the road is continuously monitored and road blocks are removed to keep the KKH open.

In 2010, a massive landslide blocked the Hunza River near the Atta Abad village and soon the blockage formed a huge lake. Initially, massive efforts were made by Pakistan Army engineers with the help of Chinese assistance, but the gigantic task was far beyond human effort. So while the Atta Abad and neighnbouring submerged under water forever, so did part of KKH. In order to resume traffic on KKH, a ferry service commenced to transport heavy trucks carrying goods to and fro China.

Meanwhile the Chinese and Pakistani engineers worked on alternatives and the KKH was realigned with five tunnels to open the KKH. The realigned route comprises 5 tunnels and several bridges. The longest tunnel is 3,360 m while the Shishkat Great Bridge on Hunza River is 480 m long. And finally the KKH was reopened in 2015 to allow smooth traffic between China and Pakistan. 

Meanwhile efforts are at hand to connect KKH with M1 Motorway near Burhan, Hassan Abdal. This will allow access to Islamabad and Lahore while Hassan Abdal will become the intersection of the Eastern Alignment, and the Western Alignment which will lead towards the port city of Gwadar. In years to come with the CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) between China and Gwader Port of Pakistan on the Arabia Sea, the KKH will assume extreme importance and draw heavy traffic.

National Bank of Pakistan sets Guinness World Record by installing ATM machine at highest altitude (at a height of 16,007 feet above sea level) in Khunjrab Top.

Now watch a beautiful video by a couple of motorcyclists who embarked upon a journey to travel on KKH starting from city of Lahore. The video has been beautifully shot with each landmark en route appropriately captioned along with spectacular view of Atta Abad Lake  - in fact this is one of the best videos on KKH that I came across:

Those intending to travel on KKH and reach right up to the Pakistan-China border at Khunjrab may do so in  the spring or early autumn. In winters, heavy snow cuts off the road and the Monsoon rains in July and August cause occasional landslides that can block the road for hours. The border crossing between China and Pakistan at Khunjrab Pass is open only between May and early November. However, it is best to consult tour operators as they are in best position to give first hand knowledge in the state of KKH.

References:
The Karakoram Highway (Pakistanpaedia)
Karakoram Highway (Wikipedia)
All photos above are shared due courtesy from Northern Areas of Pakistan except that of ATM shared by Muhammad Afaque Amin‎ and where exclusively mentioned

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Fascinating Pakistan - Passu Cones

Karakorum Mountain Range which dominates the other two mountain ranges of the Himalayas and the the Hindu Kush in the northern areas of the Pakistan not only has four of the fourteen eight thousanders of the world, including the seconder highest mountain peak of K2, it also has a large number of seven thousanders and awesomely beautiful mountain peaks. While I have been talking of other eight thousanders of Pakistan, let me digress from these and talk about one of the most photographed mountain shapes and tops - the Passu Cones.

These number of conical projections get their names from the village Passu located along the Karakorum Highway besides the Hunza River and the fact that these are located near the tongue of the Passu Glacier, and just south of the tongue of the Batura Glacier - the 56 km long glacier which is the seventh longest non-polar glacier in the world. The Batura Glacier also reaches very near to the highway. 

The Passu Cones are in fact part of the 6,106 metres (20,033 ft) high Tupopdan Mountain, spread over some 20 kilometers, and are also called the "Passu Cathedral" for its massivity and vast frontal shape. 

A rather full view of the Tupopdan Mountain and its famous Passu Cathedral

The Tupopdan mountain is located to the north of the Passu village, part of the Upper Hunza Valley of Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan.

Passu Cathedral is also called the "Sun Drenched Mountain" or "Mouthful of Sun Mountain" as its pyramidal cones shine as the sun rays fall on to these. One onlooker has described the sun rays falling on to the cones in awesomely captivating words: "The first light over Passu cathedrals makes a setting for a beautiful and colorful show, with sun's rays hitting the ridge at an angle resulting in a panoramic dance of light and shadows observed on the mountain ranges."

I once ventured to go to the Khunjrab Top at the Pakistan-China border, at the end of perhaps the highest metaled road - the Karakorum Highway (KKH). Ahead of Hunza, we stopped at the Rakaposhi view point, about which I have already written and the hearty breakfast we had before moving on to Khunjrab. However, en route we were told that the road near the village of Sust, a border/custom  check post, was closed and that we should not venture forward. 

A spectacular view of the Passu Cones or the Passu Cathedral while driving on the KKH

However, our journey gave us a good chance to see the Passu Cones and I still remember its massivity, grandeur and typical coned shape peaks. In fact, the Passu Cones are the most prominent and eye-catching objects as one reaches the Passu village. In those we did not have digital cameras and the photographs which I took got misplaced over the years except the only photo of I and may family posing in front of the rising slopes of Rakaposhi.

Road travel from Gilgit to Gulmit - Passu village and Tupopdan Mountain - Google Map

There are two suspension bridges over River Hunza for trekkers to further their adventures on foot to explore the mountains and glaciers ahead. These two bridges are known as the Hussaini Bridge (photo above) and the Passu Bridge. It really requires guts to walk across these bridge as these are not in a very good state of maintenance.

Words and photos alone perhaps cannot explain the grandeur of the Pass Cathedral unless one sees its from one's eyes either on the site itself or through a video. I am sharing one of the many videos on Passu Cones and I am sure this will not only leave a meaningful impression on my readers but will also compel them to plan a trip to see this beautiful mountain and its conical peaks. This video has been shot by a para glider that starts from the Ata Abad Lake and shows the massive Tupopdan Mountain and its cones beside the Ghulkin, Gulmit, Passu and Batura glaciers - an awesome video worthy of the beautiful scenery below:

If you are planning a visit to Passu Cones, you will have to drive some 150 kilometers on the KKH ahead of the city of Gilgit, the China Town of Pakistan, and some 14 kilometers ahead of the small town of Gulmit.
Photos: Northern Areas of Pakistan 

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Beautiful Birds of Pakistan - Flamingos

I first came face to face with this beautifully colored, long legged and amazing bird in Lahore Zoo in my childhood. While I admired this tall with elongated curvy neck and pink plumage, I was equally fascinated the Urdu translation of its name as Lamdheeng - someone with long legs, which is a befitting translation of a flamingo's appearance.

Flamingos do not have a sizable population in Pakistan, but out of the six species found world wide, Greater Flamingos are spotted in Pakistan, mostly in the salt lakes or the coastal regions of Pakistan. As per Wikipedia, the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the most widespread species of the flamingo family. It is found in Africa, on the India-Pakistan subcontinent, in the Middle East and southern Europe.

Many years ago, while going to Skasar in the Soan Valley near Khushab/Sargodha, I came across this beautiful birds in the Ucchali Lake at the footsteps of Skasar hills.It was getting dark that day and traffic going up the hills was almost non existent, so I sat with the guard in the guard room. As it was his evening food time, he picked up his shot gun, went out and I heard a single shot. And then he triumphantly returned with a duck in his hand that he cooked and we both ate. Thankfully, he did not shoot a flamingo.

Flamingos have long, lean, curved necks and black-tipped bills with a distinctive downward bend. The specially curved beak of flamingos helps in stirring up mud to sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, seeds, blue-green algae, microscopic organisms and mollusks. 

The close up of the bill of a greater flamingo - Photo: National Geographic

It is observed that the Greater Flamingo feeds with its head down and its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull.

Why flamingos are always found in the saline water - there is an interesting Argentinian folktale that describes its colours and saline water abode. Here is how the folklore goes:

Long ago, the animals of a forest arranged a ball. While the rest of the animals had a new dress, the flamingos had nothing but a white cloak only. This really saddened the flamingos and decided to consult the jungle wizard, the owl, for a solution. The owl designed vividly coloured striped trousers and the flamingos looked really attractive. At the ball, they caught everyone's attention but the snakes got angry as the trousers were made of snake skin - for owl prey on snakes and the owl wizard had only snake skins left in her nest. The snakes as a protest bit the flamingos who ran to the nearest lake to ease their pain. Since that day, the flamingos do not leave the saline water as the saltwater keeps away the pain caused by the snake bites away. That is why they have red legs red and their feathers pink.

The flamingos breed in the form of a community around large lakes and water reservoirs. In captivity in zoos, they still breed well as the zoos keep large mirrors in their cages, which gives a feeling of not being alone as the mirror imaging looks like a community to the captive birds.

ave you heard flamingos calling? Well I have not, but it is said that their call is a goose-like honking. 

The photos by Mirza Naim Baig have been taken in the coastal region around Karachi, Pakistan. But flamingos are mostly spotted in the central Punjab in the salt lakes like Ucchali and Khabekki.

About the Bird Watcher and Photographer

Mirza Naim Baig is a freelancer member WWF who takes part inn the preservation of wildlife, beside being a wildlife tour operator. He is from Karachi and studied Bachelor of Arts at Edwards College, Peshawar and lives in Karachi. He is the owner of Dream Merchants.

His birding experiences and photos can be seen on Facebook. All photos above are the property of Mirza Naim Baig and have been shared here with his exclusive permission. In time more of his birding photos will be posted to share his hard work and love for these little flying birds.

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Beautiful Birds of Pakistan - 3

We usually see ordinary wood peckers in our courtyards, lawns and gardens that remind us of the famous cartoon series "Woody Wood Pecker". But I have never seen the colourful Black Rumped Flameback Woodpeckers as shot by Nusrat Ali and seen in the caption photo (above). I am sure for many of novice birdwatchers, this will be a unique addition to their albums. As per Wikipedia, the black-rumped flameback (Dinopium benghalense), also known as the lesser golden-backed woodpecker or lesser goldenback, is a woodpecker found widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the few woodpeckers that are seen in urban areas.

Hoopoe

I always mistook hoopoe to be from the family of woodpeckers and would think of the cartonned version of this bird as it often landed in my garden (below). 

But it is only today that I came to know that this brownish coloured bird with black and white stripes is called hoopoe and not at all related to the woodpecker family. It is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive "crown" of feathers. Three living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many years all were lumped as a single species—Upupa epops.

Now scroll down for many more beautiful birds of Pakistan as seen and shot by Nusrat Ali:

Tawny Eagle

The Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) is a majestic, large, handsome and rather ferocious looking bird of prey that inhabits Africa. Although it is generally observed both north and south of the Sahara desert. the one above was observed in the desert of Sind, Pakistan. The Tawny Eagle was once considered a relative of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), however, it is now classed as its own species due to differences in anatomy.

Spotted Munia

Black Headed Bunting Male

Robin

Paddyfield Pipit

Striolated Bunting

Grey Francolin

Baybacked Shrike

And last photo of today: My favourite colourful Green Bee Eater

About the Bird Watcher and Photographer

Nusrat Ali is a graduate of Karachi University and resides in Karachi. He finds time from his busy life in search of birds in and around Karachi. He shares his photographic adventures specially with regard to his birdwatching hobby on Facebook. All photos above are the property of Nusrat Ali  and have been shared with his due permission. 

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